For chefs, salt serves as a vehicle for personal expression. The type we choose, the timing of its addition, and the amount we use mirrors our culinary philosophy and artistic perspective. In this article, we go over the ins and outs of four different types of salt—kala namak, pink Himalayan, fleur de sel, and flake—and how to bring out their full potential.

Kala Namak / Black Salt

Black salt, also commonly called Kala Namak.

Kala namak, also commonly called black salt, is a volcanic rock salt with a complex backstory.

The Volcano Connection

Unlike most commercially available table salts, black salt isn’t sourced from pristine seabeds. Instead, it is mined in volcanic regions of Northern India and Pakistan. There, near the foothills of the Himalayas, ancient seabeds compressed over millennia have been infused with volcanic activity, leaving deposits of mineral-rich sodium chloride. Some producers also source it from salt lakes surrounding the volcanic regions.

Despite its name, black salt isn’t truly black. In its natural rock form, it appears as dark purple crystals with a reddish tinge. When ground into a powder, however, the color transforms into pinkish or light grey tones.

Kala Namak’s Eggcellent Flavor Profile

Volcanic-derived sulfur compounds give kala namak an eggy aroma. When eaten, it has an eggy taste with a distinct savory, umami character.

Kala namak is very popular in South Asia, and commonly found in Indian and Pakistani dishes. Here are some of its tried-and-true applications.

South Asian Flavors

Add a sprinkle of kala namak for savory depth and a hint of sulfurous complexity on snacks like chaats, bhel puri, and sev puri. It also works as a seasoning for fruit salads that feature mangoes, guavas, and watermelon, where the sweet and tangy contrasts beautifully with the savory edge of black salt.

Kala namak is also used in refreshing raitas (yogurt-based condiments served alongside curries and biryanis), chutneys, and dips.

A Secret Weapon for Vegan Chefs

Black salt is incredibly useful in vegan dishes seeking eggy and umami notes. For instance, use it to season tofu scrambles, vegan french toast, and other plant-based dishes that aim to mimic the taste of eggs.  

While kala namak offers an intriguing flavor profile, use it judiciously. A little goes a long way, and too much can easily render a dish inedible, leaving a sulfurous aroma and taste, with a lingering bitterness to follow.

How to Store Kala Namak

Prevent moisture and air from affecting the salt by using an airtight container made from non-reactive materials like glass or ceramic. If kept near a window, sunlight can degrade the salt’s properties, so a dark, dry location is ideal.

Pink Himalayan Salt

Pink Himalayan salt

This salt’s visual appeal and subtle flavor variations make it a must-have in professional kitchens.

Where Does Pink Himalayan Salt Come From?

Pink Himalayan salt is primarily mined in the breathtaking Khewra Salt Mine, located in the foothills of the Salt Range in Punjab, Pakistan. It is one of the largest salt mines in the world and is believed to be over 250 million years old. Salt is extracted from deep deposits in vast underground chambers full of beautiful colors and intricate formations.

The Characteristics of Pink Himalayan Salt

Pink Himalayan salt comes in a variety of textures and colors ranging from large, irregularly shaped crystals with a deep pink hue to finely ground crystals in pastel pink. For more precise seasoning, use finer grinds of Pink Himalayan salt in place of table salt. Because Pink Himalayan salt has a slightly different density than table salt, we recommend starting with less than you would usually use and taste as you go.

There might be a subtle earthy quality to its faint aroma, but it is far from overpowering and does not interfere with the intended flavors of food. Like its scent, pink Himalayan salt offers a nuanced taste experience. The intensity of its flavors is very low and only truly discernible to the most sensitive palates.

How to Use Pink Himalayan Salt

Pink Himalayan salt is very versatile and useful in every course. Here are some specific applications to consider.

The Cherry on Top

Coarse crystals are fantastic as a finishing salt, sprinkled over grilled meats, roasted vegetables, or salads just before serving. They add a beautiful textural contrast and a subtle salty flavor.

Brines and Marinades

The mineral profile of Pink Himalayan salt enhances brines and marinades for meats, poultry, fish, and plant-based proteins. Its subtle sweetness helps balance savory flavors in marinades, while the minerals contribute a subtle depth of flavor.

Baking Applications

Use pink Himalayan salt in baking applications as a substitute for table salt. Pink Himalayan salt often has larger grains than table salt, so you’ll need to experiment to achieve the same results.

Salt-Block Cookery

Salt-block or slab cooking offers chefs a visually stunning tableside presentation and an excellent conversation starter in any restaurant. When heated to a high temperature, the salt block becomes a searing surface for meats, seafood, plant-based protein, or vegetables. Expect a subtle salty flavor as the food cooks.

How to Keep Pink Himalayan Salt Fresh

Pink Himalayan salt won’t absorb moisture like table salt. However, we recommended storing it in a cool, dry place using an airtight container to prevent clumping and help it retain its flavor profile for a longer period.

Fleur de Sel

Fleur de sel

Fleur de sel, or “flower of salt” in French, is a prized sea salt coveted by chefs for its delicate texture, flavor profile, and its ability to be the perfect finishing touch on nearly everything. And unlike its coarser cousins, fleur de sel isn’t meant for brute-force seasoning during cooking.

French Affinity

The French have a long and storied relationship with fleur de sel, particularly in the Brittany region. To illustrate, salt production in the Guérande marshes dates back over 1,200 years. These salt marshes are a delicate ecosystem where seawater is channeled into a network of ponds. As the water evaporates under the sun, a thin layer of salt crystals called “paludiers” form on the surface.

Then, salt farmers use a “lousse” (a tool similar to a rake but with a curved, fan-shaped head and densely packed, fine teeth) to meticulously harvest the crystals. It’s a laborious process that ensures minimal disruption to the ecosystem and only removes about 2% of the total salt production. In turn, fleur de sel from regions like Guérande is significantly more expensive than your average table salt.

Characteristics

Visually, fleur de sel crystals are small, irregular in shape, and have a pristine white color with a slight glistening sheen due to their moisture content (around 8-10%). Fleur de sel imparts a subtle scent of the sea and fresh ocean air.

The magic of fleur de sel lies in its complex and nuanced flavor profile. The natural minerals concentrated during the evaporation process, including calcium, magnesium, and potassium, contribute to a clean, slightly sweet taste with a hint of minerality, which complements a wide range of dishes.

How to Use Fleur de Sel

Due to its delicate nature and premium price tag, fleur de sel isn’t meant for heavy-duty seasoning. A small sprinkle is all you need.

A Sprinkle Here, a Sprinkle There

Fleur de sel is a finishing salt that reveals an additional layer of flavor. A sprinkle of fleur de sel on grilled or pan-seared fish like salmon or scallops accentuates their natural sweetness and freshness. When a touch of fleur de sel is added to roasted or grilled vegetables like asparagus, eggplant, and tomatoes, their earthy, naturally delicious flavors really shine through.

For meat like grilled steak or chops, adding a finishing touch of fleur de sel cuts through the richness of the meat to bring out a touch of brightness. And don’t forget breakfast! Experiment by incorporating it on eggs, toast, baguettes, and pancake dishes.

Dessert

For a counterpoint to sweetness, sprinkle fleur de sel on chocolate desserts, pots de crème, caramel flavors, and anything else your guest’s sweet tooth desires.

How to Store Fleur de Sel for Peak Performance

Fleur de sel is a bit of a splurge, so proper storage is essential to protect your investment. To ensure your fleur de sel retains its optimal quality, keep it dry by storing it in a ceramic, airtight container in a cool place away from direct heat or sunlight. Fleur de sel has a long shelf life, however its delicate flavors are best enjoyed within a year of purchase.

Flake Salt

Flake salt

Flake salt offers a complex sensory experience and a finishing touch that’s both visually appealing and tastefully nuanced.

England vs. USA

There are two primary sources for flake salt: seawater and ancient salt deposits. Seawater-based flake salts, like the famed Maldon from England, are made using evaporation. When seawater channels into shallow basins, the sun and wind work their magic, concentrating the brine. As the water evaporates, salt crystals begin to form on the surface. These crystals are then harvested and undergo a washing process to remove impurities. Finally, they’re crushed and flaked using rollers, resulting in the distinctive flat, pyramid-shaped crystals we know.  

For inland varieties, like the American favorite, Jacobsen Sea Salt, flake salt is produced from ancient seabeds that were trapped beneath layers of rock and soil, ultimately forming underground salt deposits. When mined, salt is extracted through a process of dissolution wherein brine evaporates, often in large kettles, leaving behind pure salt crystals. Like the seawater salts, these crystals are flaked using rollers.  

Captivating an Audience

Flake salt has a visually captivating presence on a plate. Compared to table salt, the crystals are larger and flatter, with a delicate structure. Flake salt has a minimal aroma, offering no distracting scents beyond a faint minerality that’s barely perceptible.  

Flake salt’s larger surface area releases saltiness slower, creating a delicate and lasting sensation on the palate. Additionally, the production process influences the taste. Seawater-derived salts often have a clean, slightly briny flavor that reflects the ocean’s minerality. Conversely, salts from ancient deposits may have a more earthy or even slightly sweet undertone.  

Using Flake Salt in Culinary Applications

The strength of flake salt lies in its finishing power, adding a valuable visual component. Like fleur de sel, it can be sprinkled on anything. Due to its larger size and slower dissolving nature, however, we do not recommend incorporating it into dishes during the cooking process when precise measurements are important. That goes double for baking.

There are numerous varieties of flake salt so it’s easy to experiment with different varieties and infusions for a wealth of flavor profiles. For example, truffle-infused flake salt turns basic pasta dishes into earthy luxury.

How to Store Flake Salt

Flake salt is a relatively low-maintenance ingredient. Due to its low moisture content, it has a virtually indefinite shelf life. For optimal flavor and texture, however, store it in a tightly sealed glass or ceramic container.

Salt of the Earth

Salt is more than a simple seasoning, so have some fun finding your favorite combinations that speak to the joie de vivre of a dish. What is your favorite salt to use? Let us know in the comment section!

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